Nanoparticle separation in water purification involves using nanotechnology to remove contaminants on a molecular level. Nano-sized particles, often made of materials like carbon nanotubes or graphene oxide, can be trained to attract and adsorb specific pollutants like heavy metals, bacteria, and organic compounds. This makes nano-technology better suited to solve specific problems in contaminated water.

A key advantage nano-technology has over RO systems is the reduction in fouling of RO membranes. Traditional RO systems are prone to fouling, where contaminants accumulate on the membrane's surface, reducing efficiency and necessitating frequent maintenance. Nano-technology, on the other hand, utilises advanced filtration techniques that minimise fouling, resulting in longer membrane lifespan and reduced operational costs.

Nanoparticle separation is more efficient, requiring less energy and time, and it can selectively target specific contaminants, leaving essential minerals untouched. Additionally, it can operate at lower pressures, reducing costs and environmental impact, making it a promising solution for clean water provision.